Three Immunologists Win Nobel Prize for Transforming Autoimmune Disease Treatment
Three pioneering immunologists, Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi, have been awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Their fundamental discoveries relating to peripheral immune tolerance have revolutionised our understanding of the immune system and opened new avenues for treating autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation.
Sakaguchi's groundbreaking work began in 1995 when he identified CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells), marking the start of Treg cell-mediated peripheral immune tolerance research. In 2003, he confirmed their role as regulatory T cells by proving that Foxp3 is selectively expressed in these cells. Brunkow and Ramsdell furthered this understanding in 2001, demonstrating that mutations in the Foxp3 gene cause IPEX syndrome in both humans and scurfy mice.
Building on these discoveries, scientists are now exploring ways to manipulate regulatory T cells for therapeutic purposes. Over 200 clinical trials are currently underway, targeting diseases like asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and skin disorders. One promising approach involves developing monoclonal antibodies targeting the CCR8 protein on tumor-infiltrating Treg cells, aiming to block their protective effect and enhance immune system attacks on tumors.
The award-winning trio's work has laid the foundation for ongoing research and clinical trials involving regulatory T cells. Their contributions to immunology have significantly advanced our ability to treat and manage autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. The 2025 Nobel Prize recognises their exceptional impact on the field of immunology and the potential of their work to improve countless lives.
